the first ten amendments a.k.a the bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights was created because the people were scared that the power of the federal government would grow and extinguish the citizens' rights. They wanted the liberties to be clearly listed and exercised. The Bill of Rights was added after the Constitution was ratified (9 out of 13 states gave approval and the other 4 didn't for this reason), because so many people worried and complained that their rights would not exist. There are 10 amendments in the Bill of Rights. These first ten are popularly considered the most important.
The 1st amendment
This said that the citizens of the United States of America had the freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. This is generally regarded as the most important amendment in the whole Constitution, as it provides 5 liberties that were not there under British rule, and are most cherished.
the 2nd amendment
Amendment 2 guarantees citizens the right to bear arms with a government issued license. This amendment has a lot of controversy that goes with it, though, because of all of the shootings and killings that happen using guns. If they limit the use of guns, thus changing this amendment, the safety that comes with guns cannot exist. But if they keep it as it is, the shootings will keep on happening.
the 3rd amendment
According to this amendment, the quartering of soldiers in citizens' houses was (and still is) not allowed without the owner's full consent. This doesn't really apply anymore, but was really annoying to the citizens during and after the Revolutionary War.
the 4th amendment
Disallows police to unreasonably harass citizens and their property; they can only do so with a warrant and a significant purpose.
the 5th amendment
The ability to "plead the 5th" comes from this amendment. "Plead the 5th" means to be able to remain silent when questioned in court. It also bans double jeopardy (being tried twice for the same crime), and decrees that no punishments can be given out until a decision is reached in trial.
the 6th amendment
This amendment gives defendants the right to a "speedy and public" trial by jury.
the 7th amendment
The 7th amendment declares that a private dispute over money greater than 20$ can be tried in court.
THE 8TH AMENDMENT
The Eighth amendment prohibits "cruel and unusual" punishments and "excessive" bails and fines. There is a little confusion with this one, as the definitions of cruel, unusual and excessive are not provided in this. In other words, we don't know after what point a punishment can be deemed excessive, cruel, or unusual.
the 9th amendment
The 9th amendment explicitly ensures that even though a right may not appear on the Bill of Rights, it still does exist. The rights are kept by the people.
the 10th amendment
Says that any powers not directly given to the federal government are given to the states/people.